This standard is a mandatory national regulation designed to scientifically assess the fire risks associated with various building and decorative materials. It serves as the "first line of defense" for building fire safety, with its core enhancement being the establishment of a more comprehensive four-dimensional evaluation system covering "combustion characteristics, smoke production properties, burning droplets, and smoke toxicity." The updated standard not only introduces more refined classifications for materials and their application scenarios—such as categorizing building insulation materials as a distinct major class—but also, for the first time, includes new photovoltaic components used in Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) within its grading scope. To achieve precise rating assessments, relevant testing relies on a range of specialized instruments, including equipment for single burning item tests, oxygen bomb calorimeters for measuring combustion heat values, smoke density test chambers for evaluating material smoke production characteristics, and gas toxicity analysis systems. This standard provides a unified and rigorous technical basis for fire protection design in construction engineering, product quality control, and market access.