This article introduces the selection method of resistance testers. Based on the resistance value range of the tested object, low resistances (less than 1 ohm) require the four-wire Kelvin method, using constant current and voltage measurement to eliminate the effects of contact resistance; high resistances (greater than 1 megohm) are measured using the voltage method to detect small currents, with attention to shielding and leakage prevention. The article also mentions parameters such as test current and resolution, as well as environmental and safety considerations.

2026-04-29

This article introduces how to select a turbidimeter, starting with the measurement principle. The main principles include the scattered light method, transmitted light method, and scattering-transmittance method, each suitable for samples of different concentrations. When selecting a model, factors such as light source wavelength, sample conditions, instrument structure, maintenance, and calibration should also be considered, and a choice should be made based on actual needs.

2026-04-29

This article mainly discusses the adaptation between the temperature control range and functional configuration that need to be considered when selecting an incubator. It points out that the selection should first determine the temperature control range based on the experimental subject and leave a margin, while also paying attention to temperature control accuracy and uniformity. For sensitive experiments, a forced convection system should be chosen. In terms of functions, long-term cell culture requires an independent humidification system, CO2 control is suitable for cell or anaerobic bacteria culture, and lighting configuration varies by experimental needs. Additionally, multi-layer shelves or large-capacity chambers may affect uniformity, programmable functions are important for specific experiments, and energy consumption and noise levels should also be weighed. The final selection should be based on actual usage frequency and sample turnover rate.

2026-04-29

This article primarily discusses the technical factors to consider when selecting an ultrasonic thickness gauge. In terms of probe configuration, the frequency affects resolution and penetration depth, while the crystal size determines adaptability to curvature and surface conditions. Dual-element probes have a smaller dead zone compared to single-element probes, and delay blocks are suitable for thin-wall and high-temperature applications. Regarding measurement modes, single-echo, echo-echo, and interface wave-echo each have specific applications and can eliminate coating interference. Additionally, the choice of couplant should be based on surface roughness, and compensation is necessary for the effect of temperature on sound velocity.

2026-04-29

This article mainly discusses the selection methods for clean benches, focusing on two key aspects: first, determining the airflow direction based on experimental requirements, where vertical laminar flow is suitable for protecting operators, while horizontal laminar flow is better for protecting samples; second, selecting the cleanliness level in accordance with ISO standards, typically requiring ISO Class 5. The article also mentions the uniformity of airflow velocity, filter grades, and post-installation inspection and verification steps, such as particle counting and airflow visualization tests. When selecting, it is necessary to refer to product specifications and factory inspection reports to ensure the actual usage environment meets the required standards.

2026-04-29

This paper introduces the process of using a laboratory bar coater for preparing sub-micron wet films of photoresist. The core principle relies on the threaded structure on the surface of the coating bar, which forms a nanoscale gap with the substrate, enabling precise control of the wet film thickness. The equipment includes a high-precision coating bar, a vacuum adsorption substrate stage, a servo motor drive system, and a micron-level gap adjustment unit. The process flow involves substrate pretreatment, photoresist application, bar coating, and pre-drying, with the film thickness determined by factors such as the coating bar groove depth, solid content, and coating speed. The article also discusses common factors affecting film thickness uniformity, such as coating bar wear and changes in adhesive viscosity, as well as the testing requirements for quality control.

2026-04-24

This article introduces the application of perovskite coaters in the preparation of intermediate layers for tandem solar cells. Tandem cells break through the efficiency limit by stacking materials with different bandgaps, and the intermediate layer must balance optical and electrical properties. The coating method enables large-area film formation, achieving nanoscale uniformity in film thickness through precise control of coating gap, speed, solution concentration, and ambient temperature and humidity. The article also discusses coating parameters, film thickness and defect control, drying and annealing processes, and online monitoring feedback systems for different intermediate layer materials (such as metal oxides, organic small molecules, and two-dimensional perovskites). Case studies show that this process improves current matching and fill factor.

2026-04-24

This article introduces a method for fabricating functionally graded films using a spray coating system. By adjusting spray parameters, such as jetting velocity, slurry composition, or scanning path, it enables continuous variation in film thickness or composition in a single process, eliminating the need for multiple coating steps. The paper provides two examples of graded film preparation: one is an alumina-silver conductive film with a resistivity gradient from 0.3 Ω·cm to 10⁵ Ω·cm over a length of 100 mm, and the other is an indium tin oxide transparent conductive film with a thickness gradient from 100 nm to 400 nm. The article also discusses process control key points, verification methods, as well as the advantages and limitations of this approach.

2026-04-24

This article introduces the application of spray coating machines in the encapsulation of flexible electronic devices. The principle involves using spray technology to atomize the encapsulation material into tiny droplets, which are evenly sprayed onto the substrate to avoid contact damage. The article discusses material compatibility, such as parylene and polyurethane, and presents optimization of process parameters, key process control points (e.g., controlling porosity), quality verification methods (e.g., film integrity and barrier performance), as well as solutions to common defects. This technology has been extended to non-medical fields such as displays, textiles, and photovoltaics.

2026-04-24

This paper introduces the roll-to-roll fabrication method for flexible perovskite solar cells. The coating process employs slot-die coating or inkjet printing to uniformly apply the precursor solution onto a flexible substrate, with crystallization controlled through temperature, airflow, and antisolvent assistance. Key materials include the flexible substrate and a system primarily based on formamidinium lead iodide, with solvent selection influencing coating speed and environmental requirements. The roll-to-roll system comprises units such as unwinding, coating, and drying, requiring control over parameters including coating speed, temperature, and tension. The process necessitates a low-humidity environment, with crystallization conducted under an inert atmosphere. Performance is evaluated using microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and solar simulators, and bending stability is tested.

2026-04-24

This article explores how to enhance mixing efficiency in liquid-liquid microextraction by adjusting the operating parameters of a vortex mixer. The paper analyzes the principle by which vortex mixers increase the interfacial contact area between two phases and promote mass transfer through vortex motion, pointing out that mixing efficiency is related to factors such as rotational speed, time, and the volume ratio of the two phases. The study suggests optimizing parameters through single-variable experiments and response surface methodology to achieve a balance between thorough mixing and easy phase separation, and evaluates the optimization results using indicators such as extraction recovery and phase separation effectiveness. In the future, the application of this method could be further expanded by incorporating online monitoring technologies.

2026-04-22

This article introduces how the transverse bursting strength tester evaluates the impact resistance of corrugated cardboard. It measures the energy absorbed by the cardboard during rupture using the pendulum impact principle. Testing requires preparing specimens according to standards and controlling environmental conditions. The article points out that test results are related to the structure, materials, and humidity of the corrugated cardboard, and the data can be used to compare different processes, guide production, and ensure quality control. During operation, attention must be paid to instrument calibration and testing specifications to ensure accurate results. This method provides a practical basis for the research, development, and quality management of packaging materials.

2026-04-22

This article explores how the surface absorbency tester predicts the drying speed of ink on coated paper. Traditional methods rely on actual printing tests, which are time-consuming and difficult to quantify. Based on the principles of penetration dynamics, this instrument measures the absorption rate of liquids by paper to scientifically evaluate ink drying behavior. Studies show that paper absorbency is significantly correlated with ink drying speed, and predictions can be made through data modeling. In practical applications, the instrument can be used for incoming paper inspection and printing process adjustments, helping to optimize efficiency and reduce waste. In the future, by improving test accuracy and refining models, its predictive capabilities are expected to be further enhanced.

2026-04-22

This article explores how to extend the application of an instrument originally designed to test paper's water absorption capacity to the evaluation of toilet paper's dispersibility. The specific method involves using the instrument to simulate the process of toilet paper encountering water, and quantifying its fragmentation and dispersion ability in water by objectively measuring key data such as the time required for complete dispersion and water absorption speed. Compared to traditional subjective observation, this approach is more standardized and accurate, helping the industry to more scientifically compare and improve the environmental performance of products. However, the instrument itself may have limitations when testing under extreme speed conditions.

2026-04-22

The Karl Fischer micro moisture meter is based on the Karl Fischer titration principle, which measures trace moisture in lithium battery electrolytes through the quantitative reaction of iodine with water. This method offers high sensitivity and is suitable for complex electrolyte systems, enabling rapid and accurate monitoring. In application, attention must be paid to key operational aspects such as moisture prevention for samples, instrument calibration, and environmental control to ensure reliable results. This method provides effective technical support for moisture control in lithium battery production, contributing to enhanced battery performance and process stability.

2026-04-22

This article compares the differences between halogen moisture analyzers and Karl Fischer moisture analyzers in detecting moisture in plastics. The halogen method measures weight changes by heating the sample, offering fast results and simple operation, making it suitable for on-site rapid inspections. The Karl Fischer method measures moisture through chemical titration, providing high precision and the ability to detect very low moisture levels, making it more suitable for stringent quality control requirements. When choosing between the two, factors such as sample type, moisture content, and testing standards should be considered. Both methods have their own advantages and can be selected based on specific needs.

2026-04-22

This paper explores the use of a flexographic proofing printability tester to evaluate the printing performance of water-based inks on kraft paper. The instrument simulates actual printing conditions to quantitatively analyze key parameters such as ink transfer rate, print contrast, and dot gain. Given the porous and absorbent nature of kraft paper, adjustments to the instrument settings are necessary to optimize ink deposition, balancing penetration and surface film formation. A standardized testing process helps obtain reliable data, guiding production adjustments such as optimizing pressure, selecting appropriate anilox rollers, or improving ink formulations, thereby enhancing printing quality and efficiency.

2026-04-22

This article introduces the standard procedure for evaluating ink transfer performance using a printability tester. Ink transfer performance directly affects print quality, and standardized operations can enhance the reliability of test results. The article begins by explaining the instrument's principles, detailing how the printability tester simulates printing conditions and quantifies ink transfer effectiveness through transfer rates. Before operation, it is essential to control environmental temperature and humidity, calibrate the instrument, and allow the ink and materials to acclimate adequately. Specific steps include cleaning the equipment, applying the ink, setting parameters, conducting the transfer process, weighing, and calculating the transfer rate, with the recommendation to repeat the test three times and take the average. Parameter settings should be adjusted based on the characteristics of the ink and materials, such as pressure, speed, and temperature. Analyzing the transfer rate helps assess the compatibility between the ink and materials, as rates that are too low or too high may adversely affect printing results. During operation, care must be taken to avoid interference, maintain consistent coating thickness, clean the instrument promptly, and record data. Following this standard procedure provides a reliable basis for optimizing printing processes and quality control.

2026-04-22

This paper explores the application of rapid thermal cycling high-low temperature test chambers in evaluating the thermal fatigue of PCB board solder joints. Solder joint fatigue is primarily caused by differences in the thermal expansion of materials, and the test chambers simulate thermal stress through temperature cycling to accelerate the fatigue process. Key parameters include the rate of temperature change, number of cycles, and dwell time. The evaluation combines electrical monitoring with physical analysis, such as resistance changes and crack inspection. Influencing factors involve solder material type, circuit board structure, and test condition settings. Relevant standards provide a framework for testing, while practical applications require parameter adjustments based on product requirements. This method helps predict the reliability of solder joints under actual temperature environments, and continuous optimization is needed as technology advances.

2026-04-22

The three-chamber high and low temperature test chamber is used for reliability testing of electronic products, achieving rapid temperature transitions through independent high-temperature, low-temperature, and test zones. Compared to traditional single-chamber equipment, it reduces temperature change time and improves testing efficiency. This device can simulate the severe temperature fluctuations products encounter during actual use or transportation, helping to identify potential defects such as thermal expansion mismatches in materials. When using the equipment, attention must be paid to sample placement, equipment calibration, and maintenance to ensure the accuracy and consistency of test results.

2026-04-22